The Ironical History Of Substance Abuse - 1218 Words

The Ironical History of Substance Abuse in America The history of substance abuse is full of irony. The poppy, a beautiful flower, is the source of opium, a raw pain-killing substance regularly cultivated and harvested in the East, where it was widely used. Tragically, Europe and America imported the drug and adopted its unregulated use. Though legal, the opium dens of the early 19th century certainly oppressed the lives of the poor, taking what little money they had and offering a dangerous environment in which to dream drug induced dreams. But businessmen, aristocrats, authors, actors, and even notables of the Old West, such as Wild Bill Hickok and Kit Carson, indulged in this addictive recreation. It was no less destructive and addictive for them than it was for the poor, but wealthier people could extend the degenerative spiral. Sir Author Conan Doyle in his Sherlock Holmes story, â€Å"The Man with the Twisted Lip,† describes such places in Victorian England. Upper class women in America and England, however, typically avoided the opium dens and even public drinking. Instead, they privately indulged at home in a 10% opium/90% alcohol â€Å"medicine† called laudanum, frequently prescribed by physicians for â€Å"female problems.† It became a popular vice. Elizabeth Barrett Browning, for example, used it habitually for physical and psychological reasons. Historians, however, disagree over the role the drug played in her death. Refinements continued in the processing of opium.Show MoreRelatedMedicinal Marijuana is Bad Idea Essay4487 Words   |  18 Pagesis a psychoactive drug made from the dried leaves and flowering parts of the hemp plant. It is one of the most strictly classified illegal drugs in the United States. Under the 1970 Controlled Substances Act, marijuana is listed as a Schedule I substance, which defines it as having a high potential for abuse; and no currently accepted medical use.; Marijuana is therefore classified more severely than cocaine and morphine, which as Schedule II drugs are also banned for general use, but can be prescribedRead MoreThe Portrait of Medieval Social Classes as Presented in the General Prologue to Geoffrey Chaucer’s the Canterbury Tales4628 Words   |  19 Pagesrespect and honour. Chaucer does not use any irony or satire in the description of the Knight; the irony is reserved to those who fall short of the standard of perfection he sets. The function of the Knight was to fight; but throughout Christian history, and increasingly in the late fourteenth century, there was a profound unease at the thought of Christian fighting Christian. The wars that were held in the highest esteem were those fought in the cause of God, against the infidel. ‘The knight isRead MorePeculiarities of Euphemisms in English and Difficulties in Their Translation19488 Words   |  78 Pagesdo, I think, serve to show the dangers of obscurity. There are, of course, many uses of colorful which have no such [damning-with-faint-praise] implications - where, for example, that a thing should be full of colour is all we can ask where no ironical reserves and no disparagement can be intended (I. A. Richards, The Philosophy of Rhetoric). It is the rest of the poem that makes the connexion easy and obvious, which witnesses to a general truth. â€Å"That† should be â€Å"which†. But to what does â€Å"which†

Emiliano Zapata - 1526 Words

Emiliano Zapata, born on August 8, 1879, in the village of Anenecuilco, Morelos (Mexico), Emiliano Zapata was of mestizo heritage and the son of a peasant medier, (a sharecropper or owner of a small plot of land). From the age of eighteen, after the death of his father, he had to support his mother and three sisters and managed to do so very successfully. The little farm prospered enough to allow Zapata to augment the already respectable status he had in his native village. In September of 1909, the residents of Anenecuilco elected Emiliano Zapata president of the villages defense committee, an age-old group charged with defending the communitys interests. In this position, it was Zapatas duty to represent his villages rights before†¦show more content†¦Maderos most important demands had been met, Dà ­az was out of office, and regular elections were to be held to determine his successor. Leà ³n de la Barra, however, was not a president to Zapatas liking. While of great per sonal integrity, his political skills were lacking. The new president could not assuage the peasants, especially since his allegiance was clearly with the rich planters who were trying to regain control of Mexico, aided by the conditions of the Treaty of Ciudad Juà ¡rez. Even though Zapata had been ordered to cease all hostilities, he and 5,000 men entered and captured Cuernavaca, the capital of his native state of Morelos. In 1911, Madero was elected president of Mexico, and Zapata met with him to discuss the demands of the peasantry. The meeting was fruitless and the former allies parted in anger. The only joy those days held for the thirty-one-year-old Zapata was his marriage to his bride Josefa, only six days after the ill-fated meeting with the president. Officially, the Zapatistas were disbanded and Zapata himself was in retirement. The police forces, in disarray after fighting the revolutionary forces, were no match for the new wave of bandits that were now roaming the land. The situation in Mexico deteriorated, assassination plots against the new president surfaced, renewed fighting between government and revolutionary forces ensued, and the smell of revolution was once again hanging over the cities of Mexico. In the Plan ofShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Emiliano Zapata 2860 Words   |  12 PagesEmiliano Zapata has garnered a cult of personality that shares a common trait with myths from the beginning of time in which people would create gods to worship and heroes to admire. Zapata was a revolutionary during the Mexican Revolution who stands out as one of the most admirable figures in Mexican history. From the state of Morelos near the city of Mexico, he started a practical movement for land redistribution in his home state that transforms into an ideology of rebelling against bad governmentRead More Emiliano Zapata Essay1495 Words   |  6 Pages Emiliano Zapata, born on August 8, 1879, in the village of Anenecuilco, Morelos (Mexico), Emil iano Zapata was of mestizo heritage and the son of a peasant medier, (a sharecropper or owner of a small plot of land). From the age of eighteen, after the death of his father, he had to support his mother and three sisters and managed to do so very successfully. The little farm prospered enough to allow Zapata to augment the already respectable status he had in his native village. In September of 1909Read MoreAnalysis Of Emiliano Zapata s Leadership During The Mexican Revolution1557 Words   |  7 Pagesquestion asked in order to conduct this investigation is: Was Emiliano Zapata’s leadership during the Mexican Revolution more significant than Francisco Villa’s Leadership during the Mexican Revolution? This question is important because it helps understand which leader made the most significant contribution during this war. The scope of this investigation is to consider and evaluate the actions of Francisco Villa and Emiliano Zapata during the Mexican Revolution, whi ch took place all over MexicoRead MoreMexico Post Colonial1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe history of Post colonial Mexico included many successful and influential leaders: Porfirio Diaz, Francisco Madero, Francisco (Pancho) Villa, and Emiliano Zapata. Disparities in classification of the revolution arise from the numerous factions and ideological assumptions advocated for the overthrow of Diaz’s rule, hence one can argue that it was a political, social, or economical revolution. A social revolution advocates a complete transformation of all characteristic aspects of society, encompassingRead More The Mexican Revolution Essay1160 Words   |  5 Pageshtm)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the strong revolutionary groups to join together began in Mexicos southern province of Morelos. The leader of this group was Emiliano Zapata. Emiliano was the son of a poor Mestizo peasant who trained and sold horses. Zapata tried to break the hacienda system, which was very much like the feudal system. When Emiliano realized he wouldn’t be able to finish his job, he and his brother, Eufemio, organized a powerful army force of poor village people. This army became knownRead MoreTaking a Look at the Mexican Revolution982 Words   |  4 Pagesguaranty access to education for all Mexicans, and most importantly will implement an agrarian reform that will reestablish the land to people. As Madero’s revolution gained momentum, national rebels such Pancho Villa, Venustiano Carranza, and Emiliano Zapata joined his cause to rise in arms. On November 20 of 1910, after revolutionary and local guerrilla warfare prevailed against the current government and demanded Diaz to resign. It wouldn’t be until May 1911 when Diaz was exiled; Madero was electedRead MoreA Conflict in Interest Essay633 Words   |  3 PagesPlan de Ayala by Emiliano Zapata denounced the rigid control of dictator Porfirio Diaz, stating that the existing government offered no concessions to the Mexican people. In an effort to overthrow Diaz, Madero’s plan for revolution declared the current government nonexistent beginning at six o’clock on the evening of November 20, 1910. Emiliano Zapata, however, developed a plan resulting from his own lost faith in Madero’s goals and unfulfilled promises. On November 25, 1910, Zapata offered his ownRead MoreThe Mexican Revolution1 259 Words   |  6 Pagesand its citizens. Revolutions are often started because a large group of individuals want to see a change. These beings decided to be the change that they wanted to see and risked many things, including their lives. Francisco â€Å"Pancho† Villa and Emiliano Zapata are the main revolutionaries remembered. These figures of the revolution took on the responsibility that came with the title. Their main goal was to regain the rights the people deserved. The peons believed that they deserved the land that theyRead More The Mexican Revolution: An Overview Essay1467 Words   |  6 Pagesgroups throughout the revolution that contributed to the rise and fall of the leaders. These were lead by Emiliano Zapata, Francisco Pancho Villa, and Pascual Orozco. Zapata was from the south and his troops covered that area while Villa and Orozco were from the north covering those areas (Summary 5). In 1911 Orozco and Villa began taking control of cities in the northern areas while Zapata took control of Cuautla and cut off the road to Mexico City. Orozco and Villa captured Ciudad JuarezRead MoreThe Mexican Revolution1019 Words   |  5 Pagesand land began to create resentment amongst the common people in Mexico (Knight 29). Many leaders would soon rise up to fight for the people of Mexico and equal rights for all. Soon leaders such as Francisco Madera, General Huerta, and Emiliano Zapata would rise to fight for the country of Mexico. A revolution was inevitable and Mexico had plenty of individuals who would fight for their rights. Knight states that during 1910 President Diaz would be overthrown and Mexico would enter ten years

Global Health and Sustainability Hepatitis E

Question: Discuss about the Case Study for Global Health and Sustainability hepatitis E. Answer: Introduction Hepatitis E virus infection is a significant public health concern internationally, and the incidence of people with Hepatitis E is growing day by day. It is a major cause of enterically transmitted hepatitis, and it is turning out to be an endemic in developing countries where it has caused increased morbidity. Millions of people are living with viral hepatitis, and many are at risk of developing the severe chronic liver disease and transmit the infection unknowingly to other people. It is not just confined to travelers returning from the endemic region but also in older men. The major problem identified for its endemic is that it has a poor prognosis due to the existence of other chronic liver disease and being often confused with drug-induced liver injury. Proper treatment also becomes a problem due to uncertainty about the source and route of infection. Due to the endemic, it will be a huge burden on the health care system and will affect people both financially and physically. T here is a particular population which is at more risk of the disease than others. Viral hepatitis has not received the desired attention from global health community. Since the problem has not been addressed in a serious way, it will have its effect on human health worldwide. The proposed solution is to improve the global health treatment model by increasing the testing of hepatitis in the high-risk area, arranging for affordable treatment options, creating awareness about the disease and looking into discoveries of Hepatitis E virus to understand the cause of disease. The global health community should work towards increasing sustainability and resilience of the disease and make it manageable for people. The report will also look into incidences of infection worldwide and develop an evaluation strategy for proposed solution. Hepatitis Hepatitis is a viral infection leading to inflammation of the liver. Different type of hepatitis virus types A, B, C, D and E are responsible for the cause of hepatitis worldwide. It may also occur due to auto-immune disease and toxic substance like alcohol and drugs. All the types of diabetes is a great concern for global health because of the burden of illness and the mortality associated with its epidemic outbreak (Cooke et al. 2013). The epidemiology of the disease, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment process varies for all types of hepatitis. Hepatitis type B and C is the most common cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer. Hepatitis B, C, and D occurs due to parenteral contacts such as infectious blood and other body fluids. Hepatitis A and E are transmitted by fecal-oral route either by the person to person contact or by ingestion of contaminated food or water. All types of hepatitis virus are transmitted through contaminated blood products, a medical procedure using the contamin ated equipment. Hepatitis B is transmitted from mother to baby during birth and by sexual contact. Acute infection leads to symptoms like jaundice, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain (Rehermann 2013). Since the focus is on Hepatitis E, more detail will be provided regarding it in this section. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is mostly transmitted through faecal-oral route due to contaminated water or foods. It is a primary cause of hepatitis endemic worldwide and is becoming a significant concern for the global health. Vaccines for HEV infection developed in 2012, but it is not widely available. Humans are a natural host for the virus and areas with poor sanitation are at more risk of hepatitis virus transmission. Consumption of uncooked shellfish has also been identified as the source of disease in the endemic area (Hoofnagle et al. 2012). The incubation period for the virus ranges from 3 to 8 weeks but the period of its communicability is not yet discovered. The virus causes acute sporadic and epidemic viral hepatitis. The symptoms develop after 15-60 days of exposure (Kamar et al. 2014). Symptomatic infection is seen in young adults but in children the disease is mostly asymptomatic wh ich cannot be easily diagnosed. The typical signs and symptoms of hepatitis E are yellowing of skin and eyes (jaundice), dark urine, pale stools, anorexia, enlarged liver (hepatomegaly), abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever (Crespo et al. 2012). The symptoms are not distinguishable from the symptoms experience in the acute phase of illness. The infection last for 1 to 2 weeks. The disease may lead to fulminant hepatitis which is an acute liver failure in very rare case. Pregnant women are at risk of obstetrical complications, and the rate of mortality is about 20% in the pregnant women. Chronic hepatitis E infection and reactivation of infection is seen in immunosuppressed individuals (Labrique et al. 2012) Although most people recover from the illness completely, the mortality rate is high mainly in pregnant women reaching their third trimester. It can also have grave consequences in patients with preexisting chronic liver disease which results in decompensated liver and death. The mortality rate is high in solid organ transplant patients on immunosuppressive therapy. HEV genotype 1 and two does not cause chronic illness, but a significant number of cases of hepatitis is E progressing to chronic liver disease has been reported (Krain et al. 2014). History of the problem HEV belongs to the genus Hepevirus in the Hepeviridae family. It is a single-stranded positive strand RNA virus. There are four genotypes of HEV. HEV was not recognized as a health concern until the 1980s. Till then all the endemic was related to hepatitis A virus. The development of serological assays proved HEV to be endemic in tropical and sub-tropical countries with major outbreaks reported in India, Southeast Asia, Africa, and Mexico. Most epidemics have been caused by contaminated water following heavy rainfall. HEV infection has been affecting humans for centuries, but it has been recognized as a public threat only in the end of 20th century (Messina et al. 2015). The HEV infection was first clinically described after its outbreak in Delhi in 1955. Later it was characterized on clinically, morphologically, serologically and on molecular levels. After the development of serological and molecular diagnostic tools, it has received global attention. It became the focus of Viral He patitis Prevention Board meeting in Belgium and International Vaccine Institute in Korea. The true global burden of the disease has not been assessed, and international organizations are researching on it. Sequencing of HEV-RNA revealed that genotype 1 and 2 mostly infects humans and genotype 3 and 4 primarily infect humans as well as animals like pigs, boar, deer, etc (Abdelrahman et al. 2015). About 80% patients with HEV infection were reported to have traveled to HEV-endemic countries. So it is self-limiting disease causing significant morbidity and having risk only in pregnant and immunosuppressed person. International travelers are at risk of infection. New vaccines have been introducing, but full assessment regarding prioritization of intervention and allocation of resource is still in progress. It is also crucial to make people aware of not eating raw meat and uncooked sausages (Scobie and Dalton 2013). Global burden of the disease Viral hepatitis is a global health concern. It has caused 2.7 % death worldwide caused due to viral hepatitis and liver disease. HEV infection has occurred both sporadically and in the epidemic. True prevalence is not known it has just been estimated that about one-third of the world population has been infected. Genotype 1 HEV is an endemic in developing region like Asia, Africa, and South America. Genotype 2 HEV is common in the population of Mexico, Chad, and Nigeria. Autochthonous hepatitis E cases of genotype 2 are found in developing regions having high pig population. 17-20 Genotype 4 cases are found in countries like Japan, China, Taiwan and in India (Messina et al. 2015). Hepatitis E is common in regions having problems of water supply and inadequate environmental sanitation. Some of the outbreaks have occurred in areas of conflict such as war zones and refugee camp. The disease is mostly prevalent in Asia, Middle East, Africa and Central America. People living in a temporary settlement after any natural disaster and travelers visiting endemic regions are more at risk of the disease (Bruggmann et al. 2014). According to World Health Organization estimate, 20 million hepatitis E infections, 3 million symptomatic cases, and 56600 deaths has been reported worldwide. Global burden of disease is calculated by a systematic review of disease in the target area. One global burden of disease study showed that HEV genotype 1 and 2 has caused 20 million HEV infection, 3000 stillbirths, and 3.4 million symptomatic cases (Gower et al. 2014). Hepatitis E is common worldwide, but its prevalence is highest in East and South-East Asia. The endemicity report of Hepatitis E in South-East Asia region states that less than 50 % population is exposed to the infection in the eastern region and greater than 90% in the southern region. Eleven member states of WHO comprise South-East Asia region. It has one-fourth of the population living in the area and carries 30% world's total burden of disease (Franco et al. 2012). Every year about 14 million cases of Hepatitis E infection have been reported in the region. It contributes to half of the global burden of disease. In East Asia, the major outbreak has been reported in China (Rein et al. 2012). The seroprevalence of anti-HEV antibody in this region varies from 10 to 50% indicating it as hyper-endemic in the region. The incidence of HEV is more than 25 % of people below 50 years. Hepatitis E outbreak was also reported in the Central African Republic, and the seroprevalence rate is 24% in the Central African Republic. In Central America also Hepatitis E was reported in Mexico in 1980 (Lim et al. 2013). Issues After analyzing the report on Hepatitis E disease and its global burden worldwide, it is necessary to identify issues related to sustainability in the problem. What has lead to the disease becoming a global public health concern needs to be determined. There may be flaws in specific country's health model system. This section will describe the issue that has caused morbidity and mortality worldwide. Inadequate serological assays and global burden data: The Major problem is that there is limited surveillance for Hepatitis E disease and lack of awareness of disease occurrence. No apparent disease distribution is available; all are a just estimation. Seroprevalence of antibodies to HEV is a marker for previous exposure to the HEV (Junge et al. 2013). But getting seroprevalence data is challenging because of lack of comparability of results of different assays and presence of various genotypes with different disease patterns. Sometimes the serological test cannot clearly distinguish between genotypes and no reliable mathematical modeling data to determine the degree of disease burden. The laboratory assay results are generally poor meaning the poor level of diagnosis and many not getting diagnosed on time (Abravanel et al. 2014). Data for policy and action: The exact mechanism of high mortality rate in pregnant women is not known. Persons with the pre-existing chronic liver disease develop severe morbidity post HEV infection. The data for this in developed countries is limited, and there were incidences where the drug-induced liver injury was erroneously diagnosed instead of the real culprit Hepatitis E. So, repeated misdiagnosis is a cause of concern. Countries lack adequate surveillance system, and so evidence-based policy decisions cannot be taken (Everson et al. 2013). Challenges in transmission: Very few WHO member states have policies to provide HEV vaccine at birth and till now only 27% has received the vaccine. Though the vaccine has been introduced worldwide in 179 countries in 2010, still the global coverage of vaccine has not reached the estimated target of 90 %. The vaccine coverage till now is only 75%. Standard precaution for preventing the risk of transmission has not been implemented by healthcare facilities. This has lead to increased risk of transmission due to the negligence of health care. Sometimes this has lead to misdiagnosis of HEV (Spradling et al. 2013). Problems of poor sanitation: Contaminated food and water is the primary source of HEV transmission. Common routes of transmission include- fecal-oral transmission due to contaminated drinking water, food-borne transmission by food products derived from infected animals, zoonotic transmission from animal to humans, transmission through infected blood products and mother-fetus transfer. But currently around 37% of the world population does not have access to proper sanitation facilities and 11% do not have the resource to clean drinking water. So many people are living in unhygienic condition exposed to diseases. In many countries donated blood are not screened for transmissible infection (Singh et al. 2013). Lack of access to proper care and treatment: The health care system is also at fault and has contributed to the endemic. Health care lacks professional competency for diagnosis and treatment. The poor quality diagnostic is mostly seen because of resource limitation and below standard regulatory policies. Reasons for intervention So health organizer has the responsibility to mobilize support and develop a specific strategy to increase surveillance and prevention of HEV. The report on disease burden estimate and global prevalence needs to be improved by arranging for study in endemic and high prevalence areas. This is necessary to know the exact impact of the disease in the vulnerable and risky population. There were defects in serological assay report and mathematical modeling data leading to erroneous diagnosis. This is a great cause of concern. So public health department in different countries needs to support the development of scientific research on the problem. HEV infection is known to occur in the region with an acute shortage of water supply, poor hygiene, and sanitation, so adequate steps need to be taken for cleanliness drive in the country (Nelson and Williams2013). Intervention strategy There should be a national level strategy for the prevention and control of viral hepatitis. The critical framework for developing resilience and controlling hepatitis virus infection should be as follows: The central vision should be to stop viral hepatitis transmission, and the change should be resilience and sustainable. Arranging for proper access to safe and efficient health care environment so that morbidity and mortality associated with the disease could be reduced. For the welfare of the community, there should be efforts to reduce treatment cost and increased surveillance of HEV infection in people. This will reduce socio-economic impact of viral hepatitis both at the individual level and population levels (Franco et al. 2012). Dimensions of intervention After analyzing the key challenges and problems in HEV infection worldwide, the following intervention is needed: Increasing awareness and mobilizing resources: The health professionals and policy makers will play a significant role in raising awareness among the public in endemic regions. WHO and member countries can provide support by mobilizing resource and supporting countries with limited resources (Wedemeyer et al. 2014). Creating an evidence-based policy for reducing the global burden of disease: No proper data on global prevalence of HEV is available. So action should be taken to increase collection of epidemiology data from different countries and analyzing global estimates for viral hepatitis. The government of endemic countries should arrange for conducting countrywide response workshop on the burden of the disease in selected country (Papatheodoridis et al. 2016). Developing methods for preventing virus transmission: Public health agency should promote the expansion of immunization drive across country. Although the vaccine is available vaccine coverage is not adequate. So, medical staff can contribute in protecting high-risk groups against the disease. They should be efforts to implement innovative immunization program and other approaches shortly. Behavioral and structural intervention include encouraging safe blood transfusion and creating facilities for safe food and water in countries and arrangements for proper disposal of sanitary waste (Bennett et al. 2014). Strategies for care and treatment: It is the responsibility of health care department to review treatment guidelines and remodel it according to inefficiency in the previous approach. Every diagnostics and therapeutics should be prequalified, and updated tools should be there for serological assessments. To tackle problems of high-cost treatment, they should develop modern scientific tools and negotiate with suppliers to reduce drug price. In places where the disease is endemic, WHO can play a role in assisting countries in developing national strategies (Curry et al. 2015). Implementation of chosen intervention and science behind it A comprehensive approach for prevention of viral hepatitis includes different levels of prevention. Primary prevention: Steps of primary prevention includes: Increasing availability of HEV vaccines and getting it licensed in countries where it is not available. Increasing awareness of HEV infection in the community. Promoting blood safety strategies by assuring quality-assurance screening of all donated blood samples. Taking infection control precaution in health care and giving training to health care staff related to occupational security measures. Making arrangements for safe food and water which provides protection against HEV infection (Evans 2013). Secondary prevention: Many people living with HEV infection are not diagnosed, and they are often confused with drug-induced liver injury. So early diagnosis is the key to receiving adequate medical support and preventing disease transmission. The advantage of early diagnosis is that it allows people to take precaution against damaging the liver. The precautionary steps for preventing damage to liver includes avoiding alcohol, drugs and tobacco which are harmful to the liver (Nelson and Williams 2013). The introduction of a proper screening test that confirms the diagnosis is essential. Blood donors should be appropriately counseled if reactive results are detected in them. This will provide them opportunities for early diagnosis. Medical support should also be given to an asymptomatic individual who comes to donate blood (Hewitt et al. 2014). Anti-viral drugs against HEV are not readily available. Advances and adequate research in therapeutics will lead to the development of new oral anti-viral medicines. The major focus should be on ensuring access to treatment regimens in lesser developed areas having a resource problem (Lawitz et al. 2014). Delivering intervention to chosen audience Since Southeast Asia is a major region for HEV infection, it has been selected for delivering the intervention. Involvement of WHO member states in Southeast Asia is essential in this regard. They should be encouraged to do a survey that will help them define proportions of hepatitis infection and death cases registered in the country. Implementation of national policy on the screening of pregnant women will be beneficial (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2012). The health professionals in Southeast Asia will be adequately trained to develop competencies in treating patients with HEV infection. The essential drugs for treating disease will be effectively delivered in the country. Common drugs that will be readily available will include drugs like lamivudine, interferon alpha, and tenofovir (Hosaka et al. 2013). WHO will assist member countries in developing a national plan for E hepatitis prevention, estimating national burden and increasing viral hepatitis surveillance. No treatment will reduce the course of hepatitis E infection. But is the best approach and primary focus will be on giving treatment to symptomatic pregnant women and asymptomatic individuals in Southeast Asia. They will be provided Ribavirin treatment for 21 days to improve the function of liver enzymes (Charlton et al. 2015). The risk is also high in patient undergoing organ transplant. For treating such patients, immunosuppressive therapy will be reduced to increase viral clearance. If immunosuppressive therapy is not reduced in any patient, then anti-viral therapy will be provided to them. For patients with chronic HEV, ribavirin monotherapy for three months will clear HEV. Pegylated interferon alpha therapy for one year will also lead to sustained HEV RNA in patients who have undergone liver transplantation (Lawitz et al. 2014). In South-east Asia, there is a high level of water contamination due to polluted water and garbage disposal in river water. So the plan is to maintain quality standards of public water supplies and introducing proper disposal system to remove sanitary waste. In National awareness programs in member countries of South-east Asia, the individual member will be made aware of hygienic practices such washing hand with clean water and avoiding water whose purity is not known. To prevent contamination through food, they will be taught to avoid uncooked food (Cosgrove and Rijsberman 2014). Sustainable control steps will be taken by the health department to remove unhygienic water from poor sanitation area. Water hygiene and sanitation in any area is affected by factors like increasing population density, growing demand for water but limited water supply, climate variability and activities like construction of dams, roads, deforestation, agriculture, etc (Gorenflo and Warner 2016). The population density of Southeast Asia is also high, and this has made the region more vulnerable to waterborne diseases. This might also be the cause for the high prevalence of Hepatitis E infection. There is great climatic variability in Southeast Asia. Floods and drought affect water availability and water quality. If there is limited access to water, people is forced to drink contaminated water leading to the endemic. So the plan is to implement sustainable water use which will eliminate the problem. It will teach people to endure situations shortly without compromising on hydrological cycle of eco-system (Bain et al. 2014). For successful implementation of above approach and to reduce the burden disease, the plan is to research on sustainable water management. The plan is to implement water treatment system which serves the purpose of preventing HEV illness. Sustainability plans will be dealt with using interdisciplinary tools that will look into aspects of social, physical and ecology of targeted environment (Dora et al. 2015). An ecological perspective of research will help in understanding how to control transmission. The focus will be on the environmental determinant of HEV infection by increasing anthropogenic changes to the physical environment. The virus is transmitted to the environment by human feces and contact with infected animals (Ford et al. 2014). So, personal level of awareness is also necessary. Many people move about in poor sanitation area, and they are not aware of ways of transmission due to lack of education, underdevelopment, and poor education. So it is necessary to educate the m ass about how the disease is transmitted by this means and giving them knowledge about the interaction between the virus and environmental factors. Once people are aware of the causes of disease, they will themselves take adequate strategy to tackle the problem (Marlow et al. 2013) Conclusion From the whole study, it can be concluded that HEV infection is a global health concern worldwide and appropriate strategy for prevention of the disease is essential to look into the growing incidence of illness and determine preventive strategies in selected population. This briefing report was focused on Hepatitis E infection worldwide, and this briefing document gave detail on HEV infection worldwide. The briefing report was prepared to keep the theoretical framework of sustainability and resilience in mind. The briefing report gave detail on the cause of viral hepatitis and different types of hepatitis virus. It explained the cause of HEV and its associated symptoms. It emphasized on the individuals who at more risk of developing the disease. It gave detailed information about estimated burden of HEV worldwide and its estimated prevalence in the world. It was found that there is no available data for calculating global burden of disease. Since the population chosen for the study is South-East Asia, reports were provided on the mortality and morbidity rate of HEV in South-East Asia. After the detailed analysis of HEV infection worldwide, potential drawbacks and problems in HEV treatment were identified. Based on the challenges and problems faced by health care professionals and patients, intervention strategy for the disease was described. Different level of the surveillance program by the government was described, and it gave detail into how the intervention will be delivered in targeted population. It gave sustainable programs for improving water quality and sanitation in affected area. Changing anthropogenic activity will also be crucial for preventing hepatitis E virus transmission and its infection. It is estimated that if serious steps are taken, endemic countries can effectively manage the disease. Reference Abdelrahman, T., Hughes, J., Main, J., McLauchlan, J., Thursz, M. and Thomson, E., 2015. Nextà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ generation sequencing sheds light on the natural history of hepatitis C infection in patients who fail treatment.Hepatology,61(1), pp.88-97. Abravanel, F., Lhomme, S., Chapuy-Regaud, S., Mansuy, J.M., Muscari, F., Sallusto, F., Rostaing, L., Kamar, N. and Izopet, J., 2014. Hepatitis E virus reinfections in solid-organ-transplant recipients can evolve into chronic infections.Journal of Infectious Diseases,209(12), pp.1900-1906. Bain, R., Cronk, R., Hossain, R., Bonjour, S., Onda, K., Wright, J., Yang, H., Slaymaker, T., Hunter, P., Prssà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ustn, A. and Bartram, J., 2014. Global assessment of exposure to faecal contamination through drinking water based on a systematic review.Tropical Medicine International Health,19(8), pp.917-927. Bennett, J.E., Dolin, R. and Blaser, M.J., 2014.Principles and practice of infectious diseases(Vol. 1). Elsevier Health Sciences. Bruggmann, P., Berg, T., vrehus, A.L.H., Moreno, C., Brandao Mello, C.E., Roudotà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Thoraval, F., Marinho, R.T., Sherman, M., Ryder, S.D., Sperl, J. and Akarca, U., 2014. Historical epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in selected countries.Journal of viral hepatitis,21(s1), pp.5-33. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2012. Integrated prevention services for HIV infection, viral hepatitis, sexually transmitted diseases, and tuberculosis for persons who use drugs illicitly: summary guidance from CDC and the US Department of Health and Human Services.MMWR. Recommendations and reports: Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 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Sofosbuvir and ribavirin prevent recurrence of HCV infection after liver transplantation: an open-label study.Gastroenterology,148(1), pp.100-107. Dora, C., Haines, A., Balbus, J., Fletcher, E., Adair-Rohani, H., Alabaster, G., Hossain, R., de Onis, M., Branca, F. and Neira, M., 2015. Indicators linking health and sustainability in the post-2015 development agenda.The Lancet,385(9965), pp.380-391. Evans, A.S., 2013.Viral infections of humans: epidemiology and control. Springer Science Business Media. Everson, G.T., Sims, K.D., Rodriguez-Torres, M., H'ezode, C., Lawitz, E., Bourliere, M., Loustaud-Ratti, V., Rustgi, V., Schwartz, H., Tatum, H. and Marcellin, P., 2013. 1423 interim analysis of an interferon (IFN)-and ribavirin (RBV)-free regimen of daclatasvir (DCV), asunaprevir (ASV), and BMS-791325 in treatment-naive, hepatitis C virus genotype 1-infected patients.Journal of Hepatology, (58), p.S573. 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Results of singleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ center screening for chronic hepatitis E in children after liver transplantation and report on successful treatment with ribavirin.Pediatric transplantation,17(4), pp.343-347. Kamar, N., Dalton, H.R., Abravanel, F. and Izopet, J., 2014. Hepatitis E virus infection.Clinical microbiology reviews,27(1), pp.116-138. Krain, L.J., Nelson, K.E. and Labrique, A.B., 2014. Host immune status and response to hepatitis E virus infection.Clinical microbiology reviews,27(1), pp.139-165. Labrique, A.B., Sikder, S.S., Krain, L.J., West Jr, K.P., Christian, P., Rashid, M. and Nelson, K.E., 2012. Hepatitis E, a vaccine-preventable cause of maternal deaths.Emerg Infect Dis,18(9), pp.1401-4. Lawitz, E., Sulkowski, M.S., Ghalib, R., Rodriguez-Torres, M., Younossi, Z.M., Corregidor, A., DeJesus, E., Pearlman, B., Rabinovitz, M., Gitlin, N. and Lim, J.K., 2014. Simeprevir plus sofosbuvir, with or without ribavirin, to treat chronic infection with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 in non-responders to pegylated interferon and ribavirin and treatment-naive patients: the COSMOS randomised study.The Lancet,384(9956), pp.1756-1765. Lim, S.S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A.D., Danaei, G., Shibuya, K., Adair-Rohani, H., AlMazroa, M.A., Amann, M., Anderson, H.R., Andrews, K.G. and Aryee, M., 2013. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 19902010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.The lancet,380(9859), pp.2224-2260. Marlow, D.R., Moglia, M., Cook, S. and Beale, D.J., 2013. Towards sustainable urban water management: A critical reassessment.water research,47(20), pp.7150-7161. Messina, J.P., Humphreys, I., Flaxman, A., Brown, A., Cooke, G.S., Pybus, O.G. and Barnes, E., 2015. Global distribution and prevalence of hepatitis C virus genotypes.Hepatology,61(1), pp.77-87. Nelson, K.E. and Williams, C., 2013.Infectious disease epidemiology. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Papatheodoridis, G., Thomas, H.C., Golna, C., Bernardi, M., Carballo, M., Cornberg, M., Dalekos, G., Degertekin, B., Dourakis, S., Flisiak, R. and Goldberg, D., 2016. Addressing barriers to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis B and C in the face of persisting fiscal constraints in Europe: report from a high level conference.Journal of viral hepatitis,23(S1), pp.1-12. Pischke, S., Hardtke, S., Bode, U., Birkner, S., Chatzikyrkou, C., Kauffmann, W., Bara, C.L., Gottlieb, J., Wenzel, J., Manns, M.P. and Wedemeyer, H., 2013. Ribavirin treatment of acute and chronic hepatitis E: a singleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ centre experience.Liver International,33(5), pp.722-726. Rehermann, B., 2013. Pathogenesis of chronic viral hepatitis: differential roles of T cells and NK cells.Nature medicine,19(7), pp.859-868. Rein, D.B., Stevens, G.A., Theaker, J., Wittenborn, J.S. and Wiersma, S.T., 2012. The global burden of hepatitis E virus genotypes 1 and 2 in 2005.Hepatology,55(4), pp.988-997. Scobie, L. and Dalton, H.R., 2013. Hepatitis E: source and route of infection, clinical manifestations and new developments.Journal of viral hepatitis,20(1), pp.1-11. Singh, G.K.J., Ijaz, S., Rockwood, N., Farnworth, S.P., Devitt, E., Atkins, M., Tedder, R. and Nelson, M., 2013. Chronic Hepatitis E as a cause for cryptogenic cirrhosis in HIV.Journal of Infection,66(1), pp.103-106. Spradling, P.R., Xing, J., Williams, R., Masunu-Faleafaga, Y., Dulski, T., Mahamud, A., Drobeniuc, J. and Teshale, E.H., 2013. Immunity to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection two decades after implementation of universal infant HBV vaccination: association of detectable residual antibodies and response to a single HBV challenge dose.Clinical and Vaccine Immunology,20(4), pp.559-561. Wedemeyer, H., Duberg, A.S., Buti, M., Rosenberg, W.M., Frankova, S., Esmat, G., rmeci, N., Van Vlierberghe, H., Gschwantler, M., Akarca, U. and Aleman, S., 2014. Strategies to manage hepatitis C virus (HCV) disease burden.Journal of viral hepatitis,21(s1), pp.60-89.

Key Factors in Success and Failure of Small Businesses in Australia

Question: Write an essay on "Key Factors in Success and Failure of Small Businesses in Australia". Answer: Introduction: A small business defines a business that has less than 20 employees in a non-manufacturing industry. The significance of small business is extremely high regardless on the economy. Over the years, small business has played a critical role in the society and economy development. Australia also is not an exception, as it has been an instrumental for the Australian society development. However, as the competition is increasing in the market, small businesses are facing lot of challenges in order to survive in the market successfully. Especially in Australia, this has emerged as a major issue of the economy as many small businesses have to shut down due to extremely competition in the market. Therefore, the study will focus on the key factors that have the potential to affect a small business. In this study, an in-depth analysis will be conducted so that it can able to provide recommendation on how the key factors can be managed so that small business can able to maintain its sustainabil ity in the market. Research Aim: The prime aim of the research is to identify the major factors related to small business in Australia in order to recommend the best possible way for handling the issue. Research objectives: The objectives of research are as follows: To identify the prime factors that can have positive impact on the small businesses in Australia. To identify the factors that can have major adverse impact on the sustainability of small businesses in Australia To evaluate the kind of impact small business can have on the Australian economy To identify the best possible way for handling small businesses in Australia Literature review: Background of the study: Introduction: As per the article by Kotey (2016), small businesses are one of the prime determinate to both local and national economies. Since, it has the potential to provide employment opportunity for the public community. The article also highlighted that small businesses are often found to adjust quickly at the time of economic downfall. Bloch Bhattacharya (2016) mentioned that small business are mostly customer centric and do not really depends on large businesses and political sources to gain sufficient amount of revenue level. Even on the economic downfall, customers still purchases products and services from the small business. As a result, it helps the small businesses to remain afloat in tough times that will lead to have an immense impact on the economies of the local community. Impact of small businesses: According to Kotey Sorensen (2014), small business also plays a key role in helping the larger business. As it has the potential to assists, larger companies in the areas that they are might not have specialization. Therefore, the study highlighted that small business plays a key role in overall business development of the society. On the other hand, Hatten (2015) mentioned that small businesses and large businesses also have a great partnership. Since, growth in the small business can able to provide large business innovative ideas about the product and services especially for the niche market. In addition, employment in the small business allows people to gain knowledge and skills relating to any particular skill that eventually helps the economy to grow as a whole. Factors effecting small businesses: As per the article by Stubbs (2014) factors affecting small business can be categorized into two groups namely internal factors and external factors. The article highlighted that internal factors of small business includes motivation level of the employees towards the work. The article mentioned that, employee motivation is a key for the success of the business. Since, small businesses run with very limited number of employees. It is very important for the small business that they give their best at the workplace so that the small business can able to remain competitive in the market. On the other hand, external factors of small business include the competition in the market. The article highlighted that evolution of e-commerce has also made it very tuff for the small businesses to survive in the market. As e-commerce allows large businesses to enter in the all the community of the economy, small businesses are finding it very tuff to cope up with the market challenges (Holmes Gupta , 2015). As a result, many small businesses have failed to survive in the market. Furthermore, technological evaluation has influenced organizations to invent new products and services on a regular basis. This leads to high quality and cheaper substitute product of a small business. On the other hand, small business generally does not have alternative business options. Therefore, it had to face immense challenges in order to remain competitive in the market. As per the article by Longenecker et al. (2013), small business has the capacity to create a huge amount of positive impact on any economy. However, it does require few helps from the government at the initial stage of the business. In fact, the article mentioned that government has to be very careful regarding the kind of support they are providing to the success of the small business. Geljic, Koustas Burke (2016) mentioned that the prime objective of government intervention is to provide relevant business information to the small business and also have to facilitate access to avenues so that small business can able to conduct its business effectively. In addition, it has often found that small businesses have limited resource, time and financial capacity to conduct their operations. Therefore, they often do not consider for expert advice regarding its business processes that eventually create a huge amount of negative impact on the success of the organization. Therefore, it highli ghted the importance of government intervention regarding the success of the small business, as it can provide a bridge for the information gap for the small businesses. In addition, the article also mentioned that small business is highly depended on the rules and regulations imposed by the government of a particular economy. Since, it play a major role in deciding the way that the small business will adapt in order to compete with the large scale businesses. As per the article by Bean (2015), startup capital is a major factor that can affect the success of a small business. Since, lack of funds can influence small businesses to borrow excessively. As a result, the small businesses become insolvent, as the liabilities are become higher than their present level of asset. Connolly, La Cava Read (2015) mentioned that the role of financial institutions is to provide the flow of funds from surplus spending units of individual to the units of deficit spending. It is also called as a money market. The article mentioned that the money market reaches its equilibrium where demand and supply for money are equals. The article also highlighted that for small businesses, money plays a key role, as it allows firms to acquire additional capital from the capital market so that it can able to maximize its return. Literature gap: From the above discussion, it can be asses that several factors have the potential to create adverse impact on the path of small businesses. It also highlighted that the challenges can be both internal and external. The above discussion also mentioned that government also has key role in the development of small businesses. Therefore, the focus of the study will be to identify all the prime factors that are affecting the small businesses of Australia. Since, many articles have reviewed that small businesses have to face greater number of challenges in Australia. The study will focus on analyzing all the factors in such a way so that it can able to suggest some recommendations on the development of small businesses in Australian economy. Research questions: The research questions of the study are as follows: What are the prime factors that can create positive impact on the path of small business in Australia? Which factors can create negative impact on the sustainability of the small business in Australia? What extent small businesses can create positive impact on the Australian economy? What is the best possible way to manage all the key factors related to small businesses so that it can have maximum amount of impact on the Australian economy? Research methodology: According to Flick (2015), research methodology is one of the most important factors for conducting any research study effectively. Research methodology consists of many techniques and tools that help the researcher to evaluate all the factors of the research topic effectively. It also assists the researcher so that the research can able to fulfill the objective of the study. Thus, research methodology selection is a very important part of implementing any research. Firstly, the researcher will consider about the selection of research design. Normally, design of the research divided under three categories exploratory design, explanatory design and descriptive design. In this research topic, the researcher will consider exploratory research design. The researcher will consider implementing exploratory research design as it would assist to explore different perspective of the research study. In addition, exploratory research design assists the researcher to have an in-depth knowledge a bout the research topic, which eventually will help the study to fulfill all its expectation. Figure 1: Research design (Source: Taylor, Bogdan DeVault, 2015) On the other hand, the topic small business in Australia is extremely vast topic. Therefore, the researcher will consider both qualitative and quantitative research method for the research topic. The researcher will select both qualitative and quantitative research method, as it will help to the researcher to identify the trend of the outcome as well as will provide different perspectives relating to the research topic of small business in Australia. Furthermore, the researcher will select both qualitative and quantitative research method, as it will help the researcher to interpret the gather information in a much more effective way. Panneerselvam (2014) mentioned that research approach is another significant factor regarding successful completion of any research topic. Research approach has two parts such as inductive and deductive research approach. For the particular study, the research will consider inductive approach so that the research topic can be evaluated in an effective way. Furthermore, inductive research approach will allow the research to utilize many concepts and theories relevant to small business in Australia. The research will also implement inductive research approach so that it can able to gain knowledge about different perspectives of Australian small business. The researcher will implement this approach by including three factors such as pattern, theory and observation. The researcher will perform these factors so that the research study can able to achieve its objective. In addition, another advantage of selecting inductive approach is it will help to develop a data oriented research study. Figure 2: Research approach (Source: Blumberg, Cooper Schindler, 2014) Research process description: Since, the prime objective of the research study is to identify and analyze different factors that are creating impact on the small businesses in Australia. Therefore, the researcher will follow a systematic process so that the study can able to cover all factors effectively. Furthermore, implementation of systematic procedure will also help the researcher to complete the study within the provided timeframe. In the first step, the researcher will try to identify major areas relating to the small business in Australia. In the second step, the researcher will formulate objectives and aims of the study, as it will assist the researcher to construct primary questions of the study. In the third step, focus will be on the literature review. In this set, the researcher will evaluate different concepts and theories regarding to the small business in Australia. This part is very important for the completion of the research study, as it will assist the researcher to increase the significance o f the research study. In fourth step, data collection method will performed by the researcher. The data collection method will provide practicality to the research topic of key factors affecting small businesses in Australia. In fifth step, the research will implement different data analysis techniques so that the study can able to depict the actual factors that are affecting Australian small business. In the final step, the researcher will compile the entire research work in an effective manner so that the research study can able to conclude. Figure 4: Research process (Source: Gast Ledford, 2014) Data collection and data analysis technique: Data collection: Neuman Robson (2012) highlighted that data collection is arguably the most important part of any research study. Since, the success of any study is highly depended on the data collection procedure. Now, small business in Australia is vast topic. Therefore, the research will utilize both primary and secondary data collection method. The research will collect secondary information from different websites, online portals, business magazines, trusted websites and other online sources. On the other hand, the researcher will focus on the primary data collection method so that the study can able to describe the actual situation of Australia regarding the maintenance of small business. The researcher will formulate questionnaires for the primary data collection purpose. The researcher will also include both qualitative and quantitative questions in the questionnaire so that it can able to provide both trend and in-depth information about the Australian small business. The researcher will se lect 125 personnel from different small size organizations in Australia for primary data collection purpose. The researcher will utilize online communication platform and also face-to-face communication process for the primary data collection purpose. Figure 5: Data collection method; Source: Tuohy et al., 2013) Data analysis techniques: For the implementation of data analysis technique, the research will consider to implement sampling method. Generally, sampling method divided into two parts non-probability sampling and probability sampling (Anfara Jr Mertz, 2014). To analyze different factors related to small business in Australia, the research will implement non-probability technique. Since, it will help the researcher to gather primary data in an effective way. As the researcher is looking to implement quantitative method, it will help to implement different statistical method for the analysis of several factors related to the Australian business. In this research study, the researcher will implement statistical intervention like mode, mean and median to analyze the quantitative information. Furthermore, the researcher will focus on the graphical representation for representing the quantitative data so that the outcome of the study can be understand easily. In addition, as the researcher is also utilizing qualit ative data for the evaluation of different factors of small business in Australia. Therefore, the researcher will implement additional statistical intervention method such as regression, correlation and probability distribution for this particular study. Figure 6: Sampling method (Source: Salaberry Comajoan, 2013) Expected outcomes of the research: From the above discussion, it is expected that the researcher will able to cover all the aspects of the Australian small business in an effective way. As the researcher focuses on the literature review portion, it will help to enhance the significance of the study. In addition, literature review portion will also help the researcher to increase the knowledge about Australian small business atmosphere. Furthermore, the systematic procedure will assist the researcher to cover all the factors related to small businesses in Australia. Therefore, it is expected that the researcher will effectively identify all the factors related to the research topic. Therefore, it will also help the researcher collect primary data in an effective way. Again, as the researcher implementing several statistical interventions, it is expected that the study will able to identify the exact factors that are creating positive impact on the Australia small business and also the exact factors that are creating ne gative impact on the small businesses in Australia. Contribution of the research: As mentioned earlier, the major focus of the research is to evaluate all the factors related to small business in Australia. Therefore, the outcome of study has the potential to improve the present condition of the small businesses in Australia. In addition, it has the potential to contribute regarding the enhancement of the knowledge about the small business practices. Furthermore, the outcome of the research can contribute significantly for the development of the government strategy regarding the protection of the small businesses in Australia. Conclusion: From the above discussion, it can be observed that small businesses can have major impact on the development of the economy. Therefore, Australia will have to be extremely careful about the management of small businesses. Thus, it highlighted the significance of the study, as it has the potential to identify the major factors related to small businesses. Project plan: Figure 3: Gantt chart (Source: As created by the author) References: Anfara Jr, V. A., Mertz, N. T. (Eds.). (2014).Theoretical frameworks in qualitative research. Sage Publications. Bean, J. (2015).Big Government and Affirmative Action: The Scandalous History of the Small Business Administration. University Press of Kentucky. Bloch, H., Bhattacharya, M. (2016). Promotion of Innovation and Job Growth in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Australia: Evidence and Policy Issues.Australian Economic Review,49(2), 192-199. Blumberg, B. F., Cooper, D. R., Schindler, P. S. (2014).Business research methods. McGraw-hill education. Connolly, E., La Cava, G., Read, M. (2015). Small Business Finance. InHousing Prices and Entrepreneurship: Evidence for the Housing Collateral Channel in Australia, Proceedings of a Conference, Reserve Bank of Australia, Sydney. Flick, U. (2015).Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Gast, D. L., Ledford, J. R. (2014).Single case research methodology: Applications in special education and behavioral sciences. Routledge. Geljic, S., Koustas, H., Burke, D. (2016). Small business restructure roll-over.Taxation in Australia,50(7), 404. Hatten, T. S. (2015).Small business management: Entrepreneurship and beyond. Nelson Education. Holmes, S., Gupta, D. (2015). Opening Aladdin's Cave: Unpacking the Factors Impacting on Small Businesses. InRBA Annual Conference Volume. Reserve Bank of Australia. Kotey, B. (2016). Enablers and Barriers to Exit of Regional Small Business Owners in Australia.Australian Geographer,47(2), 195-214. Kotey, B., Sorensen, A. (2014). BARRIERS TO SMALL BUSINESS INNOVATION IN RURAL AUSTRALIA.Australasian Journal of Regional Studies,20(3), 405. Longenecker, J., Petty, J., Palich, L., Hoy, F. (2013).Small business management. Nelson Education. Mackey, A., Gass, S. M. (2015).Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge. Neuman, W. L., Robson, K. (2012). Basics of social research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Panneerselvam, R., 2014.Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Salaberry, M. R., Comajoan, L. (Eds.). (2013).Research design and methodology in studies on L2 tense and aspect(Vol. 2). Walter de Gruyter. Stubbs, W. (2014). Investigation of emerging sustainable business models: the case of B Corps in Australia.Available at SSRN 2464758. Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., DeVault, M. (2015).Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Tuohy, D., Cooney, A., Dowling, M., Murphy, K., Sixsmith, J. (2013). An overview of interpretive phenomenology as a research methodology.Nurse Researcher,20(6), 17-20.

Scope of Online Sales free essay sample

An increase in the use of websites for promotion of consumer products by organizations is expected. Organizations encourage visits to their websites by the use of integrated marketing communications However, while advertisements are quite popular and a big business on the Internet, sales promotions on the Internet have not caught up yet. The aim of this project is to provide better understanding on the use of sales promotions for consumer products in an online environment. In order to reach this purpose, research questions on the types of sales promotions used online, as well as describing the environment in which they existed, were stated. Based on these research questions, a review of the literature was conducted, resulting in a conceptual framework. This framework became the guide for this study’s data collection. A qualitative approach was used. Study was conducted on the background on an Electronics manufacturing company, Sunlit Electronics. Data was collected by interacting with dealers, customers and company’s website. We will write a custom essay sample on Scope of Online Sales or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The findings indicate that firm has not introduced online sales and online sale promotion activities through their website. Even though there is a lot of scope for the same. The firm is not using their website effectively. The study finds out that the Firm can ensure transactions security for online sales and provide playfulness in websites which make them more effective. The overall project findings says that the company has scope to introduce this new sales feature and use different sales promotion materials to increase their sales and make website effective, they do not use many of sales promotion types for online promotions. SALES PROMOTIONS Promotions should be considered in a broader context than simply price promotions and will include co-op advertising funds, display allowances to the trade, as well as display and feature advertising activity direct to the consumer. An appropriate promotional mix must be created in order to meet the promotional objectives of any given promotion strategy. The promotional mix is the combination of different promotional channels that is used to communicate a promotional message. This will involve an appropriate selection from the range of tools that are available for use as part Sales promotion (Rowley J. 1998). A significant sales impact has been shown that sales promotions are widely employed by manufacturers and retailers. Generally, each sales promotion tool is used to achieve a unique objective (Srinivasan, S. S. and Anderson, R. E. 1998). Various studies indicate that online sales promotions can lift offline sales time after time, whether the item in question is a food item, personal care or a household product. Furthermore, each campaign has typically brought in more than twice the amount that the company paid to advertise online. Sales promotions can offer many consumer benefits, the most obvious being monetary savings, although consumers also may be motivated by the desire for quality, convenience, value expression, exploration and entertainment (Kwak S. and Uncles M. 2005). Past studies of the effectiveness of consumer sales promotion have focused on monetary sales promotion. However, in practice, both monetary and non-monetary sales promotions are used widely. In assessing the effectiveness of sales promotions it is necessary to examine both types. In the UK by 2001, over a one third of adults who accessed the Internet also purchased goods or services through it (Harridge and March, 2004). This means, of course, that two-thirds do not shop online, and some writers cite uncertainty and/or risk as preventing consumers from doing so. Some companies have been criticized for apparently thinking that all Internet shoppers are the same, instead of realizing that there are many reasons why a customer may visit a site. On the one hand, the highly competitive marketplace compels marketers to increase their spending on the promotional mix. While at the same time promotional expenditures are being examined closely by top management as one of the most promising areas left for cutting costs and increasing profits. This heightened scrutiny puts intense pressure on marketers to develop and implement promotional programs that can add value to their corporations within the constraints of tighter budgets. Hence, there is a crucial need to re-examine how promotional dollars are spent. One promotional element attracting intense scrutiny is sales promotion which consists of a diverse collection of mostly short-term incentives designed to motivate consumers or the trade to purchase a product immediately and/or in larger quantities by lowering the price or adding value. (Srinivasan and Anderson 1998) New strategies for Internet marketing have been predicted to include new ways of targeting, focusing on benefits; product strategy emphasizing authenticity and promotion based on well-managed websites (Aldridge et al. 1997) researchers have shown that sales promotions lead to real long-run increases in sales and profits (Dhar and Hoch, 1996; Hoch et al. , 1994). In addition, different types of sales promotional tools can have different impacts on sales, profitability, and value added to the brand (March, 2004). Sales promotions are important marketing tools in today’s businesses. They command a greater portion of the marketing budget than advertisements (in consume r-packaged-goods business) (Kumar et al. , 1998). Marketing resources allocated to promotional tools represents a significant portion of a firm’s total communication efforts. For instance, in the USA sales promotion investments amount to nearly 30 percent of what firms spend on advertising alone (d’Astous and Jacob, 2002). In many European countries, sales promotion expenditures are larger than advertising expenditures. However, while advertisements are quite popular and a big business on the Internet, sales promotions on the Internet have not caught up yet. Part of the reason is that an advertisement is purely informational with no exchange value.

java essays

java essays Java is the substance whose aroma is awakening the Internet community. It is a new programming language developed by Sun Microsystems that has much in common with the beverage that shares its name. It's good, it's hot, and people know it around the world. Java (the programming language) beats the other stuff hands down though, it's free. Many have heard of Java, yet few know what it is, or what it can do. It certainly has the potential to become a part of our everyday lives, existing in our mobile phones, televisions, and Internet browsers. If you are interested in your Java is still in its infancy stage, yet to fulfil its intended purpose. Designed in 1990 as an embedded language for consumer electronics, it was later discovered to be an ideal interface to the Internet. In 1996, Netscape added Java support to its popular Navigator Web browser. The Web began to stir from its static text coma as excited programmers began to incorporate Java applications, "applets", into their An applet is like an application, but it doesn't run stand-alone. An applet must adhere to a set of conventions that allows it to run within a Java-compatible browser. The technology is still evolving, and today, most Java applets are simple animations, or user interactions. The future is brighter, promising full-blown applications over the Internet; imagine using Microsoft Office from your television. For now, though, those who have experienced an applet may be left disappointed. A casual user is unlikely to be impressed with scrolling text, or simple animations, especially if they must pay for them with increased download times. Behind the scenes, unbeknownst to them, truly amazing things are A Java applet begins its life by being "called" by a Web page. To be technologically correct, the applet is embedded in the Web page. The Web ...

Arabic civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Arabic civilization - Essay Example The aspect of the average density population has little effect to its Arab world since the significant human settlement is found where there is adequate water supply (Wischenbart, 2011). The high rate of illiteracy, lack of up-to-date statistics and information, distorted balance of payments, low purchasing power, and low level of technological development are the due factors that have made Arabs fail to develop in as required in the market book. This statement is well analyzed in this paper. Cultural issues affect every market. The diversity of the culture determines the extent to which such affect the market. For instance, Arabs culture is divided into three main parts, the Urban, Rural, and the Nomad. As such, these cultures place a great significance in both the family and the community. Cultures associated with richness are, Arab art, music and philosophy, these have made great contribution to the development of different areas particularly, mathematics, medicine, astronomy, language, architecture among others have all benefited from Arab industry (Mazlish, 2004). The Arab world has contributed much to the world’s economy. However, this is seen to decline in the book market because they do not seem to abstain from some of their practices. They do not give jobs because of what you have but for who you are, freedom of expression between them is sharply limited as well as freedom of association unlike other countries. The quality of education has seen to be decl ining causing a clear mismatch between the labor market and the education system. Arabs cultural standard does not seem to allow their populations to buy books in a way that develops the book industry (Harabi, 2007). The ballot box power transfer has never been adopted in which parts of the developing world are a common phenomenon. Bogus elections, confused executives and the judiciary, media constraints and on the civil society sometime